静态HashMap的静态初始化
通过静态代码块初始化静态HashMap是最传统的方式:
public static Map<String, String> articleMapOne;
static {
articleMapOne = new HashMap<>();
articleMapOne.put("ar01", "Intro to Map");
articleMapOne.put("ar02", "Some article");
}
✅ 优势:初始化后的Map是可变的,后续可动态增删条目
⚠️ 限制:仅适用于静态Map
测试用例验证可变性:
@Test
public void givenStaticMap_whenUpdated_thenCorrect() {
MapInitializer.articleMapOne.put(
"NewArticle1", "Convert array to List");
assertEquals(
MapInitializer.articleMapOne.get("NewArticle1"),
"Convert array to List");
}
另一种方式是双花括号语法(匿名内部类):
Map<String, String> doubleBraceMap = new HashMap<String, String>() {{
put("key1", "value1");
put("key2", "value2");
}};
❌ 强烈不推荐:每次使用都会创建匿名类,持有外部对象引用,可能导致内存泄漏
使用Java集合工具类
当需要创建单条目的不可变Map时,Collections.singletonMap()
是最佳选择:
public static Map<String, String> createSingletonMap() {
return Collections.singletonMap("username1", "password1");
}
⚠️ 注意:此Map不可变,尝试添加条目会抛出 UnsupportedOperationException
创建空不可变Map:
Map<String, String> emptyMap = Collections.emptyMap();
Java 8的方式
使用Collectors.toMap()
通过Stream处理二维数组并收集为Map:
Map<String, String> map = Stream.of(new String[][] {
{ "Hello", "World" },
{ "John", "Doe" },
}).collect(Collectors.toMap(data -> data[0], data -> data[1]));
更通用的Object数组实现:
Map<String, Integer> map = Stream.of(new Object[][] {
{ "data1", 1 },
{ "data2", 2 },
}).collect(Collectors.toMap(data -> (String) data[0], data -> (Integer) data[1]));
使用Map.Entry的Stream
使用SimpleEntry
实现不同类型的键值对:
Map<String, Integer> map = Stream.of(
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>("idea", 1),
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>("mobile", 2))
.collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));
使用不可变条目实现:
Map<String, Integer> map = Stream.of(
new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>("idea", 1),
new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>("mobile", 2))
.collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));
初始化不可变Map
通过collectingAndThen
包装为不可变Map:
Map<String, String> map = Stream.of(new String[][] {
{ "Hello", "World" },
{ "John", "Doe" },
}).collect(Collectors.collectingAndThen(
Collectors.toMap(data -> data[0], data -> data[1]),
Collections::<String, String> unmodifiableMap));
❌ 性能警告:Stream初始化会产生大量临时对象,性能开销大
Java 9的方式
使用Map.of()
Java 9新增工厂方法,支持0-10个键值对:
Map<String, String> emptyMap = Map.of();
Map<String, String> singletonMap = Map.of("key1", "value");
Map<String, String> map = Map.of("key1","value1", "key2", "value2");
⚠️ 注意:最多支持10个键值对,不可变,不允许null或重复键
使用Map.ofEntries()
无键值对数量限制的工厂方法:
Map<String, String> map = Map.ofEntries(
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<String, String>("name", "John"),
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<String, String>("city", "budapest"),
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<String, String>("zip", "000000"),
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<String, String>("home", "1231231231")
);
✅ 创建可变Map:通过构造函数传递不可变Map:
Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String> (
Map.of("key1","value1", "key2","value2"));
Map<String, String> map2 = new HashMap<String, String> (
Map.ofEntries(
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<String, String>("name", "John"),
new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<String, String>("city", "budapest")));
使用Guava库
创建不可变Map:
Map<String, String> articles
= ImmutableMap.of("Title", "My New Article", "Title2", "Second Article");
创建可变Map:
Map<String, String> articles
= Maps.newHashMap(ImmutableMap.of("Title", "My New Article", "Title2", "Second Article"));
ImmutableMap.of()
支持最多5个键值对的重载版本:
ImmutableMap.of("key1", "value1", "key2", "value2");
结论
本文探讨了Java中初始化Map的多种方式,包括空Map、单例Map、可变Map和不可变Map的创建技巧。Java 9的工厂方法带来了显著改进,大幅简化了初始化过程。开发者应根据实际场景选择合适的方式,避免踩坑(如双花括号语法的内存泄漏问题)。